Strategy video game

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Strategy video games

Strategy video games are a video game genre that emphasize skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory.[1] They emphasize strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges. Many games also offer economic challenges and exploration. These games sometimes incorporate physical challenges, but such challenges can annoy strategically minded players.[2]

They are generally categorized into four sub-types, depending on whether the game is turn-based or real-time, and whether the game focuses on strategy or tactics.

Contents

Definition

Strategy video games are a genre of video game that emphasize skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory.[1] Specifically, a player must plan a series of actions against one or more opponents, and the reduction of enemy forces is usually a goal. Victory is achieved through superior planning, and the element of chance takes a smaller role.[2] In most strategy video games, the player is given a godlike view of the game world, and indirectly controls game units under their command.[1] Thus, most strategy games involve elements of warfare to varying degrees,[2] and feature a combination of tactical and strategic considerations.[3] In addition to combat, these games often challenge the player's ability to explore, or manage an economy.[2]

Relationship to other genres

Even though there are many action games that involve strategic thinking, they are seldom classified as strategy games.[3] A strategy game is typically larger in scope, and their main emphasis is on the player's ability to out-think their opponent.[3] Strategy games rarely involve a physical challenge, and tend to annoy strategically-minded players when they do.[2] Compared to other genres such as action or adventure games where one player takes on many enemies, strategy games usually involve some level of symmetry between sides. Each side generally has access to similar resources and actions, with the strengths and weaknesses of each side being generally balanced.[2]

Although strategy games involve strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges, they are distinct from puzzle games. A strategy game calls for planning around a conflict between players, whereas puzzle games call for planning in isolation. Strategy games are also distinct from construction and management simulations, which include economic challenges without any fighting. These games may incorporate some amount of conflict, but are different from strategy games because they do not emphasize the need for direct action upon an opponent.[2]

Although strategy games are similar to role-playing video games in that the player must manage units with a variety of numeric attributes, RPGs tend to be about a smaller number of unique characters, while strategy games focus on larger numbers of fairly similar units.[2]

Game design

Units and conflict

Strategy games give players indirect control over many units in a battlefield. Many games, for example Globulation 2, include other challenges such as building construction.

Conflict in strategy games takes place between groups or singular combatants, usually called units. Games vary in how many types of units a player can use, but each unit has specific strengths and weaknesses. Units vary in their movement and speed, as well as the amount of health or damage they can withstand. Units may also have different levels of attack strength or range. Although units are typically used for combat, they may also be used for other purposes such as transport and scouting. Units that cannot move such as fixed turrets are often still treated as units. If a unit is destroyed, the player loses the benefit of that unit. Most strategy games allow players to construct new units in buildings or factories.[2]

The player commands their forces by selecting a unit, usually by clicking it with the mouse, and issuing an order from a menu. Keyboard shortcuts become important for advanced players. Units can typically move, attack, stop, hold a position, although other strategy games offer more complex orders. Units may even have specialized abilities, such as the ability to become invisible to other units. Some strategy games even offer special leader units that provide a bonus to other units. Units may also have the ability to sail or fly over otherwise impassable terrain, or provide transport for other units. Non-combat abilities often include the ability to repair or construct other units or buildings.[2]

Even in imaginary or fantastic conflicts, strategy games try to reproduce important tactical situations throughout history. Techniques such as flanking, making diversions, or cutting supply lines may become integral parts of managing combat. Terrain becomes an important part of strategy, since units may gain or lose advantages based on the landscape. Some strategy games such as Civilization III and Medieval 2: Total War involve other forms of conflict such as diplomacy and espionage. But warfare is the most common form of conflict, because game designers have found it difficult to make non-violent forms of conflict as appealing.[2]

Economy, resources and upgrades

Strategy games often involve other economic challenges.[2] These can include building construction, population maintenance,[3] and resource management.[4] Strategy games frequently make use of a windowed interface to manage these complex challenges.[2]

Most strategy games allow players to accumulate resources which can be converted to units, or converted to buildings such as factories that produce more units. The quantity and types of resources vary from game to game. Some games will emphasize resource acquisition by scattering large quantities throughout the map, while other games will balance put more emphasis on how resources are managed and applied by balancing the availability of resources between players. To a lesser extent, some strategy games give players a fixed quantity of units at the start of the game.[2]

Strategy games often allow the player to spend resources on upgrades or research. Some of these upgrades enhance the player's entire economy. Other upgrades apply to a unit or class of units, and unlock or enhance certain combat abilities.[2] Sometimes enhancements are enabled by building a structure that enables more advanced structures.[5] Games with a large number of upgrades often feature a technology tree,[2] which is a series of advancements that players can research to unlock new units, buildings, and other capabilities.[4][6] Technology trees are quite large in some games, and 4X strategy games are known for having the largest.[6][7]

A build order is a linear pattern of production, research, and resource management aimed at achieving a specific and specialized goal. They are analogous to chess openings, in that a player will have a specific order of play in mind, however the amount the build order, the strategy around which the build order is built or even which build order is then used varies on the skill, ability and other factors such as how aggressive or defensive each player is.

Map and exploration

Early strategy games featured a top-down perspective, not unlike a board game or paper map. Later games adopted an isometric perspective. Even with the rise of 3D graphics and the potential to manipulate the camera, games usually features some kind of aerial view. Very rarely do strategy games show the world from the perspective from an avatar on the ground. This is to provide the player with a big picture view of the game world, and form more effective strategies.[2]

Exploration is a key element in most strategy games. The landscape is often shrouded in darkness, and this darkness is lifted as a player's units enters the area. The ability to explore may be inhibited by different kinds of terrain, such as hills, water, or other obstructions. Even after an area is explored, that area may become dim if the player does not patrol it. This design technique is called the fog of war, where the player can see the terrain but not the units within the explored area. This makes it possible for enemies to attack unexpectedly from otherwise explored areas.[2]

Real-time versus turn-based

Bos Wars is a real-time strategy game, where events unfold continuously.

Strategy video games are categorized based on whether they offer the continuous gameplay of real-time strategy, or the discrete phases of turn-based strategy.[3][8] These differences in time-keeping lead to several other differences. Typically, turn-based strategy games have stronger artificial intelligence than real-time strategy games, since the turn-based pace allows more time for complex calculations. But a real-time artificial intelligence makes up for this disadvantage with its ability to manage multiple units more quickly than a human.[3] Overall, real-time strategy games are more action-oriented, as opposed to the abstract planning emphasized in turn-based strategy.[3]

The relative popularity of real-time strategy has led critics to conclude that more gamers prefer action-oriented games.[3] Fans of real-time strategy have criticized the wait times associated with turn-based games,[9] and praised the challenge and realism associated with making quick decisions in real-time.[5][9] In contrast, turn-based strategy fans have criticized real-time strategy games because most units do not behave appropriately without orders, and thus a turn-based pace allows players to input more realistic and detailed plans.[9] Game theorists have noted that strategic thinking does not lend itself well to real-time action,[1] and turn-based strategy purists have criticized real-time strategy games for replacing "true strategy" with gameplay that rewards "rapid mouse-clicking".[10] Overall, reviewers have been able to recognize the advantages associated with both of the main types of strategy games.[3][11]

Strategy versus tactics

Most strategy video games involve a mix of both strategy and tactics. "Tactics" usually refer how troops are utilized in a given battle, whereas "strategy" describes the mix of troops, the location of the battle, and the commander's larger goals or military doctrine.[12] However, there is also a growing subgenre of purely tactical games,[13] which are referred to as real-time tactics,[10] and turn-based tactics.[14] Game reviewers and scholars sometimes debate whether they are using terminology such as "tactics" or "strategy" appropriately.[15][16] Chris Taylor, the designer of Total Annihilation and Supreme Commander, has gone so far as to suggest that real-time strategy titles are more about tactics than strategy.[17] But releases that are considered pure tactical games usually provide players with a fixed set of units,[3][13] and downplay other strategic considerations such as manufacturing, and resource management.[10][13] Tactical games are strictly about combat,[18] and typically focus on individual battles,[10] or other small sections in a larger conflict.[19]

Settings and themes

Strategy games can take place in a number of settings. Depending on the theatre of warfare, releases may be noted as naval strategy games,[20] or space strategy games.[21] A title may be noted for its grand strategic scale, whether the game is real-time,[22][23] or turn-based.[24][25] Strategy games also draw on a number of historical periods, including World War II,[26] the medieval era,[27] or the Napoleonic era.[28] Some strategy games are even based in an alternate history, by manipulating and rewriting certain historical facts.[29] It is also common to see games based in science fiction or futuristic settings, as well as fantasy settings.[2]

Some strategy games are abstract, and do not try to represent a world with high fidelity. Although many of these may still involve combat in the sense that units can capture or destroy each other, these games sometimes offer non-combat challenges such as arranging units in specific patterns. However, the vast majority of computerized strategy games are representational, with more complex game mechanics.[2]

Single player, multiplayer, and massively multiplayer

Strategy games include single-player gameplay, multiplayer gameplay, or both.[30] Single player games will sometimes feature a campaign mode, which involves a series of matches against several artificial intelligence opponents.[4] Finishing each match or mission will advance the game's plot, often with cut scenes, and some games will reward a completed mission with new abilities or upgrades.[31] Hardcore strategy gamers tend to prefer multiplayer competition,[30] where human opponents provide more challenging competition than the artificial intelligence.[32] Artificial intelligence opponents often need hidden information or bonuses to provide a challenge to players.[2]

More recently, massively multiplayer online strategy games have appeared such as Shattered Galaxy from 2001.[30] However, these games are relatively difficult to design and implement compared to other massively multiplayer online games, as the numerous player-controlled units create a larger volume of online data.[33] By 2006, reviewers expressed disappointment with the titles produced thus far. Critics argued that strategy games are not conducive to massively multiplayer gameplay. A single victory cannot have much impact in a large persistent world, and this makes it hard for a player to care about a small victory, especially if they are fighting for a faction that is losing an overall war.[13] However, more recent developers have tried to learn from past mistakes, resulting in Dreamlords from 2007,[34] and Saga from 2008.[35]

History

The origin of strategy video games is rooted in traditional tabletop strategy games like Chess and Go, as well as board and miniatures wargaming.[1] The first console strategy game was a Risk-like game called Invasion, released in 1972 for the Magnavox Odyssey. Strategic Simulations (SSI)'s Computer Bismarck, released in 1980, was the first historical computer wargame. Companies such as SSI, Avalon Hill, MicroProse, and Strategic Studies Group released many strategy titles throughout the 1980s.[3] Reach for the Stars from 1983 was one of the first 4X strategy games, which expanded upon the relationship between economic growth, technological progress, and conquest.[3][36] 1989's Herzog Zwei is often considered the first real-time strategy game, although real-time strategy elements can be found in several earlier games such as Dan Bunten's Cytron Masters, published by SSI for the Atari 8-bit family and Apple II, as well as Don Daglow's Utopia for the Intellivision, both dating back to 1982. In 1983 Imagine Software released D.H. Lawson and John Gibson's Stonkers for the ZX Spectrum, and SSI released Steven Faber's Epidemic!. In 1984 Broderbund released versions of Evryware's The Ancient Art of War for several different 8-bit computers.

The genre was popularized by Dune II three years later.[5] Brett Sperry, the creator of Dune II, coined the name "real-time strategy" to help market the new game genre he helped popularize.[5] Real-time strategy games changed the strategy genre by emphasizing the importance of time management, with less time to plan.[5] Real-time strategy games eventually began to outsell turn-based strategy games.[3]

Since its first title was released in 2000, the Total War series by the Creative Assembly has become the most successful series of strategy games of all time, with sales of copies of Empire: Total War numbering in the millions.

Sub-genres

4X

Main article: 4X game

4X games are a genre of strategy video game in which players control an empire and "explore, expand, exploit, and exterminate". The term was first coined by Alan Emrich in his September 1993 preview of Master of Orion for Computer Gaming World. Since then, others have adopted the term to describe games of similar scope and design.

4X games are noted for their deep, complex gameplay. Emphasis is placed upon economic and technological development, as well as a range of non-military routes to supremacy. Games can take a long time to complete since the amount of micromanagement needed to sustain an empire scales as the empire grows. 4X games are sometimes criticized for becoming tedious for these reasons, and several games have attempted to address these concerns by limiting micromanagement.

The earliest 4X games borrowed ideas from board games and 1970s text-based computer games. The first 4X games were turn-based, but real-time 4X games are also not uncommon. Many 4X games were published in the mid-1990s, but were later outsold by other types of strategy games. Sid Meier's Civilization is an important example from this formative era, and popularized the level of detail that would later become a staple of the genre. In the new millennium, several 4X releases have become critically and commercially successful.

Artillery

Scorched 3D is an artillery game.

Artillery is the generic name for either early two- or three-player (usually turn-based) computer games involving tanks fighting each other in combat or similar derivative games. Artillery games are among the earliest computer games developed; the theme of such games is an extension of the original uses of computer themselves, which were once used to calculate the trajectories of rockets and other related military-based calculations. Artillery games have been typically described as a type of turn-based strategy game, though they have also been described as a type of "shooting game."[37]

Early precursors to the modern artillery-type games were text-only games that simulated artillery entirely with input data values. A BASIC game known simply as Artillery was written by Mike Forman and was published in Creative Computing magazine in 1976.[37] This seminal home computer version of the game was revised in 1977 by M. E. Lyon and Brian West and was known as War 3; War 3 was revised further in 1979 and published as Artillery-3.[38] These early versions of turn-based tank combat games interpreted human-entered data such as the distance between the tanks, the velocity or "power" of the shot fired and the angle of the tanks' turrets.

Real-time strategy

Main article: Real-time strategy

Usually applied only to certain computer strategy games, the moniker "real-time strategy" (RTS) indicates that the action in the game is continuous, and players will have to make their decisions and actions within the backdrop of a constantly changing game state, and computer real-time strategy gameplay is characterised by obtaining resources, building bases, researching technologies and producing units. Very few non-computer strategy games are real-time; one example is Icehouse.

Some players dispute the importance of Strategy in Real Time Strategy games, as skill and manual dexterity are often seen as the deciding factor in this genre of game. According to Troy Dunniway, "A player controls hundreds of units, dozens of buildings and many different events that are all happening simultaneously. There is only one player, and he can only pay attention to one thing at a time. Expert players can quickly flip between many different tasks, while casual gamers have more problems with this."[39] Ernest Adams goes so far as to suggest that real-time gameplay interferes with strategy. "Strategic thinking, at least in the arena of gameplay, does not lend itself well to real-time action".[1]

Many strategy players claim that many RTS games really should be labeled as "Real-Time Tactical" (RTT) games since the game play revolves entirely around tactics, with little or even no strategy involved. Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs or MMOs) in particular have had a difficult time implementing strategy since having strategy implies some mechanism for "winning". MMOs, by their nature, are typically designed to be never-ending. Nevertheless, some games are attempting to "crack the code," so-to-speak, of the true real-time strategy MMOG[40]. One method by which they are doing so is by making defenses stronger than the weapons, thereby slowing down combat considerably and making it possible for players to more carefully consider their actions during a confrontation. Customizable units are another way of adding strategic elements, as long as players are truly able to influence the capabilities of their units. The industry is seeking to present new candidates worthy of being known for "thought strategy" rather than "dexterity strategy".

The game considered the father of RTS games is Dune II, by Westwood Studios, and was followed by their seminal Command & Conquer games. Cavedog's Total Annihilation (1997), Blizzard's Warcraft (1994) series, StarCraft (1998), and Ensemble Studios' Age of Empires (1997) series are some of the most popular RTS games. In addition, online games such as NukeZone can be considered belonging in this genre as well.

Real-time tactics

Real-time tactics (abbreviated RTT[41] and less commonly referred to as fixed-unit real-time strategy[42]) is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. It is also sometimes considered a subgenre of real-time strategy, and thus may in this context exist as an element of gameplay or as a basis for the whole game. It is differentiated from real-time strategy gameplay by the lack of resource micromanagement and base or unit building, as well as the greater importance of individual units[41][43] and a focus on complex battlefield tactics. Example titles include Warhammer: Dark Omen, World In Conflict, and the Close Combat series.

Turn-based strategy

The Battle for Wesnoth is turn-based strategy game.
Main article: Turn-based strategy

The term "turn-based strategy game" (TBS) is usually reserved for certain computer strategy games, to distinguish them from real-time computer strategy games. A player of a turn-based game is allowed a period of analysis before committing to a game action. Examples of this genre are the Civilization, Heroes of Might and Magic, Making History, Advance Wars, and the Master of Orion series.

TBS games come in two flavors, differentiated by whether players make their plays simultaneously or take turns. The former types of games are called simultaneously-executed TBS games, with Diplomacy a notable example. The latter games fall into the player-alternated TBS games category, and are subsequently subdivided into (a) ranked, (b) round-robin start, and (c) random, the difference being the order under which players take their turns. With (a), ranked, the players take their turns in the same order every time. With (b), the first player is selected according to a round-robin policy. With (c), random, the first player is, of course, randomly selected.

Almost all non-computer strategy games are turn-based; however, the personal computer game market trend has lately inclined more towards real-time games. Some recent games feature a mix of both real-time and turn-based elements thrown together.

Turn-based tactics

Main article Turn-based tactics

Turn-based tactics[44][45] (TBT), or tactical turn-based[46] (TTB), is a genre of strategy video games that through stop-action simulates the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics in generally small-scale confrontations as opposed to more strategic considerations of turn-based strategy (TBS) games.

Turn-based tactical gameplay is characterized by the expectation of players to complete their tasks using only the combat forces provided to them, and usually by the provision of a realistic (or at least believable) representation of military tactics and operations. Examples of this genre include the Jagged Alliance and X-COM series, as well as tactical role-playing games such as the Final Fantasy Tactics series and the Heroes of Might and Magic series of games.

Wargames

Wargames are a subgenre of strategy video games that emphasize strategic or tactical warfare on a map, as well as historical (or near-historical) accuracy.[47]

The primary gameplay mode in a wargame is usually tactical: fighting battles. Wargames sometimes have a strategic mode where players may plan their battle or choose an area to conquer, but players typically spend much less time in this mode and more time actually fighting.[2] Because it is difficult to provide an intelligent way to delegate tasks to a subordinate, war games typically keep the number of units down to hundreds rather than hundreds of thousands.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders Publishing. pp. 321–345. ISBN 1592730019. http://safari.adobepress.com/1592730019/ch10. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). Fundamentals of Game Design. Prentice Hall. http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Mark H. Walker (2002-02-01). "Strategy Gaming". GameSpy. http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy1/index.shtm. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Todd Barron (2003). Strategy Game Programming with DirectX 9. Wordware Publishing, Inc.. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Bruce Geryk (2001-03-30). "A History of Real-Time Strategy Games - Dune II". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/real_time/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-26. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jason Dobson (2008-02-01). "Joystiq interview: Ironclad talks 4X strategy with Sins of a Solar Empire". Joystiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2008/02/01/joystiq-interview-ironclad-talks-4x-strategy-with-sins-of-a-sol/. Retrieved 2008-06-23. 
  7. ↑ Sean Molloy. "Sins of a Solar Empire Preview". 1UP.com. http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3157333. Retrieved 2008-06-23. 
  8. ↑ "Strategy Games". Apple. http://www.apple.com/games/gettingstarted/strategy/. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Strategy Planet (2001-06-27). "Point - CounterPoint: Turn Based vs. Real Time Strategy". IGN. http://www.strategyplanet.com/features/articles/pcp-turnvsreal/. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Edge Staff (2007-11-01). "50 GREATEST GAME DESIGN INNOVATIONS". Edge. http://www.edge-online.com/features/50-greatest-game-design-innovations?page=0%2C3. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  11. ↑ Marc Saltzman (2003-07-01). "'Nations' offers 2 types of game play". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/06/26/rise.nations/index.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  12. ↑ Dave Morris, Leo Hartas (2004). Strategy Games. Thomson Course Technology. p. 10. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Dan Adams (2006-05-07). "The State of the RTS". IGN. http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p3.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  14. ↑ Susan Arendt (2007-06-28). "Review: Band of Bugs is a Garden-Variety Tactics Game". Wired. http://blog.wired.com/games/2007/06/review-band-of-.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  15. ↑ Nathan Toronto (2008-01-24). "The Future Of The Real-Time Strategy Game". GamaSutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3515/the_future_of_the_realtime_.php. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  16. ↑ Troy Goodfellow (2008-01-28). "The Future Of The RTS - A Counter-Opinion". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=17098. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  17. ↑ John 'Warrior' Keefer (2005-07-08). "Supreme Commander Interview (PC)". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/supreme-commander/631678p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  18. ↑ Erik Bethke (2003). Game Development and Production. Wordware Publishing, Inc.. p. 23. 
  19. ↑ Bendik Stang (2006). The Book of Games Volume 1. Book of Games. p. 326. 
  20. ↑ Jeff Haynes (2007-07-02). "Steel Horizon Review". IGN. http://psp.ign.com/articles/813/813147p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  21. ↑ Jason Ocampo (2008-08-30). "PAX 2008: Stardock Plans Micro Expansions for Sins". IGN. http://pc.ign.com/articles/906/906777p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  22. ↑ Dave Kosak (2004-09-22). "Rome: Total War Review (PC)". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/rome-total-war/550385p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  23. ↑ Scott Alan Marriott (2008-02-13). "Sins Of A Solar Empire". G4TV. http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1718/Sins_Of_A_Solar_Empire.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  24. ↑ Peter Cohen (2008-07-17). "Europa Universalis strategy game to come to iPhone". MacWorld. http://www.macworld.com/article/134559/2008/07/europaiphone.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  25. ↑ Adam Swiderski (2007-02-14). "Galactic Civilizations II Dark Avatar Review". UGO. http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=16736. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  26. ↑ Steve Butts (2005-01-07). "IGN: Hearts of Iron 2 Review". GameSpy. http://pc.ign.com/articles/577/577912p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  27. ↑ Jason Ocampo (2006-10-13). "Medieval 2: Total War Exclusive Hands-on - Conquering Europe One Territory at a Time". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/medieval2totalwar/news.html?sid=6159815&mode=previews. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  28. ↑ Zakk the Intern (2002-09-23). "Empires in Arms to be Adapted to PC". IGN. http://pc.ign.com/articles/371/371946p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
  29. ↑ Staffan Bjork, Jussi Holopainen (2005). Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. p. 67. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "The Best and Worst of 2001". GameSpot. 2001. http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/pc/bestof_2001/p3_23.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  31. ↑ Soren Johnson (2008-10-08). "Opinion: 7 Deadly Sins For Strategy Games". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=20513. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  32. ↑ "Best and Worst of 2002". GameSpot. 2002. http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/bestof2002/pc30.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  33. ↑ Ramon Axelrod and Gideon Amir (2005-06-13). "Massively Multiplayer Game Development 2: Architecture and Techniques for an MMORTS". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/2326/massively_multiplayer_game_.php. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  34. ↑ Richard Aihoshi (2006-05-28). "Dreamlords Interview - Part 1". IGN. http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/703/703646p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  35. ↑ Michael Lafferty (2007-06-29). "Producer Jason Faller talks about the persistent-world RTS, Saga". GameZone. http://www.gamezone.com/news/06_29_07_12_03PM.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  36. ↑ Bruce Geryk (2001-08-08). "History of Space Empire Games - The Early Years 1980-1992". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/pc/history_spaceempire/p2_01.html. Retrieved 2008-07-26. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Barton, Matt. "Scorched Parabolas: A History of the Artillery Game". Armchair Arcade. http://www.armchairarcade.com/aamain/content.php?article.51. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
  38. ↑ More BASIC Computer Games: Artillery-3
  39. ↑ [1]
  40. ↑ Allen 'Delsyn' Rausch (2008-08-15) "Beyond Protocol (PC)" Gamespy. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The State of the RTS". IGN. 7 April 2006. http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p3.html. Retrieved 14 September 2006. (Article at IGN discussing their perception of RTS and related genres as of 2006. RTT is discussed as a new and not yet established genre from the publisher's perspective.)
  42. ↑ Walker, Mark. "Strategy Gaming: Part II". GameSpy. http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy02/. Retrieved 2007-10-28. 
  43. ↑ "Point - CounterPoint: Resource Collection vs. Fixed Units". StrategyPlanet. http://www.strategyplanet.com/features/articles/pcp-resources/. Retrieved 2007-11-04. 
  44. ↑ Butts, Steve (January 27, 2004). "Silent Storm Review". IGN. http://pc.ign.com/articles/475/475977p1.html. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
  45. ↑ Ocampo, Jason (May 12, 2006). "E3 06: Panzer Tactics DS". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/ds/strategy/panzertactics/news.html?sid=6151193. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
  46. ↑ "Battle Lord". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/battlelord/index.html#. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
  47. ↑ Walker, Mark H. (February 2002). "Strategy Gaming: Part III -- Strategy Gaming". GameSpy. http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategygames3/index2.shtm. Retrieved 2009-06-28.